One commonly asked question is ‘can we influence our metabolic rate?’ i.e., can we use food or exercise to speed up our metabolism, so we burn more energy and use up more calories? The short answer is no, it’s not that straightforward.
BMR is hard to change and depends on:
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- Genetics
- Muscle mass: muscles are more metabolically active, needing energy to contract and relax, and to repair themselves against daily wear and tear. The more muscle a person has, the higher their BMR.
- Body size: people with larger bodies have faster metabolisms because larger bodies have more cells.
- Age: as we age, we lose muscle mass which slows the metabolic rate.
- Sex: men tend to have more muscle mass than women, so they burn more calories.
- Hormone disorders: such as Cushing’s syndrome and hypothyroidism can slow metabolism, as can changes to hormone levels during menopause.
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Many people blame their metabolism for difficulties losing weight or gaining weight easily. However it is rarely the only cause of weight gain or loss. BMR naturally regulates itself to meet your body’s needs and is ultimately defined by your genes. These differences are evident in how easy or hard it is for people to lose weight.
A slow metabolism burns fewer calories, which means more are stored as fat in the body; that’s why some people have difficulty losing weight by just cutting calories. A fast metabolism burns calories at a quicker rate, which explains why some people can eat a lot and not gain weight. Let’s not forget that a slow metabolism is not going to be the only factor in weight gain. Poor diet and inactivity will have a greater effect than metabolism alone.
Research has revealed four distinctive phases of energy expenditure during the lifespan: neonatal, childhood, adulthood and older adulthood (over 60 years). At approximately 60 years old, metabolism starts to slow down, and as people get older, they begin to lose muscle mass which also slows metabolism.
Sex can affect metabolism due to differences in body composition, fat storage, and hormones. Because of these factors, men tend to have a faster metabolic rate than women. For women, the active form of oestrogen, oestradiol, plays a key role in the regulation of metabolism and body weight. As levels of oestradiol decline during perimenopause and menopause, this can cause some women to gain weight.
There are some factors such as age and genetics that can’t be changed, however you can try the following suggestions to see if they benefit your weight and health goals.
- Strength training, specifically resistance training and high-intensity interval training (HIIT) can increase metabolic rate and help you burn more calories.
- Eating regular, balanced meals containing whole grains, nuts, seeds, lentils, plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables and good sources of protein. There is also increasing focus on gut microbiomes and the role they play in our overall physical and mental health. Having a varied diet will ensure you maintain a rich gut microbiome.
- Avoid ultra processed foods that contain high levels of fat, sugar, salt and additives. They are linked with a higher incidence of overweight and obesity and require less energy to digest which means you will burn fewer calories when eating them.
- Caffeine in tea, coffee and green tea can increase energy expenditure by a small amount.
- Sleep can help with metabolic control – so try and get to bed earlier.
As with most things related to dieting and weight loss, there is not one quick fix, or metabolism booster that is going to significantly increase the amount of calories you burn. Instead, focus on maintaining muscle mass, choosing the right types of foods and paying attention to basics, such as drinking plenty of water and restful sleep.
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